Time pattern variation of alien plant introductions in an insular biodiversity hotspot: the Balearic Islands as a case study for the Mediterranean region

Abstract Allochthonous plant species are considered among the main environmental issues worldwide, being especially accused in Mediterranean basin. The present study aims to update Balearic Alien Flora and discuss its time spatial variation invasiveness. Information regarding allochthonous records of Islands were gathered analysed based on published checklists online databases. For each several general traits assigned previous references characterise alien Flora. Records between 1827 2023 indicate that is composed 624 taxa recorded unevenly islands, with lower smaller islands. flora mainly therophytes phanerophytes held human related habitats. Introduction pathway ornamental, over 50% entering through gardening horticultural practices. Main biogeographical origins American, Mediterranean, Euroasiatic Cape origins. Invasive status shows 44% all can be regarded as casual, while 35% naturalised, 17% invasive, latter increased Time variations trends starting 70 s predictive models show increase exponentially, most represented from synanthropic habitats, introduced ornamentals, lianas, Cactaceae , Asteraceae Leguminosae families. results serve a model facilitate scientifically informed decision making management invasions both other continental insular systems regions.